To enable cells to respond and adapt to their environment, they must be able to receive and process information (or "signals") that originate outside of the cell. Cell signaling – also sometimes ...

The well-established existence of sex differences in immune responses, including immune responses driven by T cells, cuts both ways. Females tend to have a stronger immune response to pathogens, yet ...

An international team of scientists, led by the University of Bristol, has been investigating how the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the coronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, manipulates host proteins ...

Researchers have for the first time identified degeneration-associated “molecular markers” —observable changes in cells and their gene-regulating networks—that are shared by several forms of dementia ...

A research collaboration between MIT and Stanford has developed a new approach intended to help the immune system recognise and attack tumours more effectively. Instead of focusing only on protein ...

All metabolic pathways have to be regulated and controlled to stop the build-up of an end product that isn’t needed. The cell can control a metabolic pathway by the presence or absence of a particular ...

Enzymes control metabolic pathways. The enzymes change the substrate at each step in the metabolic pathway in order to get the final product at the end. There are different types of metabolic pathways ...