The invention that first enabled researchers to see clear images of living cells was the phase-contrast microscope, which won its inventor, Frits Zernike, a Nobel Prize in 1932. Prior to Zernike's ...

Fundamentally, a microscope comprises two subsystems: an illumination system to illuminate the sample and an imaging system that produces a magnified image of the light that has interacted with the ...

M. Takamoto, S. Toyama, T. Seki, T. Futazuka, S. D. Findlay, Y. Ikuhara, N. Shibata, "Real-space observation of polarization induced charges at nanoscale ...

The use of high-resolution bright-field microscopy is essential for cellular-scale biological research, but this technique has limitations due to low image contrast. Using dyes on the sample can ...

Light microscopy is a key tool that scientists use to image cells, organelles, subcellular structures, and molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. Because visible light leaves biological ...