Markov Models for disease progression are common in medical decision making (see references below). The parameters in a Markov model can be estimated by observing the time it takes patients in any ...

Hidden Markov models (HMMs) provide a robust statistical framework for analysing sequential data by assuming that the observed processes are driven by underlying, unobserved states. These models have ...

High-order Markov chain models extend the conventional framework by incorporating dependencies that span several previous states rather than solely the immediate past. This extension allows for a ...