Parametric tests make assumptions that aspects of the data follow some sort of theoretical probability distribution. Non-parametric tests or distribution free methods do not, and are used when the ...

We use influence functions as a basic tool to study unconditional nonparametric and parametric expected shortfall (ES) estimators with regard to returns data influence, standard errors and coherence.

Nonparametric estimation and U-statistics have emerged as vital tools in modern statistical analysis, offering robust alternatives to traditional parametric methods. Nonparametric techniques bypass ...