Wine growers everywhere fear spring frosts. New vine buds emerge in the spring and are highly susceptible to freezing temperatures which can kill them and result in significant crop loss for the year.

Consumption, production, and investment decisions of individuals, households, and firms often affect people not directly involved in the transactions. Sometimes these indirect effects are tiny. But ...

Learn how economists measure externalities using equilibrium models, cost assessments, and qualitative methods. Gain insight into real-world and theoretical impacts.