Brothers and sisters! We are in Internet hell, and I, the Rev. Dr. Mark Gibbs (let me hear you say, “Howdy, Rev!”), am here to show you the way to salvation! To escape Internet hell you must first ...

According to the OSI Model, the session layer is where connections are established, managed, and torn down. For connection-oriented network protocols, understanding how the session layer works, and ...

Listen carefully. The top level of the OSI Reference Model and the IETF protocol stack is the application layer. The application layer, however, doesn’t do applications. It provides services such as ...

The technology provides secure remote access to a broad spectrum of applications and network resources Application-layer VPNs are generating lots of attention these days. Proponents cite the ...

Why do ZK-Rollups use Layer-1 only for verification? Learn how separating execution from settlement ensures security, ...

Leading American crypto exchange Coinbase ventured deeper into the on-chain economy with the launch of its Ethereum layer-2 network Base in 2023. Originally billed as "a 'bridge' for users into the ...